The report “Cancer Figures in Spain 2024” published by the Spanish Society of Medical Oncology (SEOM) in collaboration with the Spanish Network of Cancer Registries (REDECAN) shows how in recent decades there has been a notable increase in the absolute number of cancer cases diagnosed in Spain. This increase is attributed to population growth, population aging (since age is a crucial factor in cancer development), as well as exposure to various risk factors such as tobacco, alcohol, pollution, obesity, and sedentary lifestyle, among others.
In some specific types of cancer, such as colorectal, breast, cervical, or prostate cancer, there has been an increase in the number of cases detected at an early stage of the disease, a fact that may also contribute to this increase in the number of diagnosed cases. However, it is thanks to the effectiveness of early detection programs that we can also speak of a potential decrease in cancer cases detected at invasive stages, as well as greater diagnosis of carcinomas in situ and a reduction in cancer-related mortality.
Public awareness and knowledge of this disease, its risk factors, prevention measures, and consequences can help with early diagnosis, increasing the likelihood of cure and treatment in early stages.
Risk Factors: What Are They and How Do They Affect Cancer Development?
According to the WHO, approximately 1/3 of cancer deaths are attributed to the five most important preventable risk factors. Exposure to and incidence of these factors often lies within individual awareness and responsibility, so it is important to know them in order to take measures that curb their influence on subsequent tumor development.
Tobacco
Tobacco is responsible for the largest number of cancers
, accounting for 90% of lung cancer cases, although it is also associated with other types such as head, neck, bladder, and kidney cancer. Despite this fact, in Spain in 2022 the smoking population remains 17% of the total, and the use of electronic cigarettes and vaping devices continues to increase.
Obesity or Excess Weight
Obesity is linked to at least nine types of cancer, such as breast, endometrial, colon, kidney, gallbladder, and pancreatic cancer. In addition, it may be associated with chronic inflammation or hormonal imbalances that trigger disease development, as well as hinder early detection. It is important to avoid being overweight through healthy habits, a balanced diet, and regular physical exercise.
Alcohol Consumption
Alcohol consumption to a greater or lesser extent increases cancer risk. Even low alcohol consumption affects incidence. Furthermore, its consumption together with tobacco has a synergistic effect, multiplying the risk of certain tumors by 30.
Ultraviolet Radiation Exposure
9 out of 10 cases of skin cancer
, including melanoma, are caused by overexposure to ultraviolet light. It is important not only to protect yourself from the sun with sunscreen, sunglasses, or hats, but also to reduce exposure and avoid peak hours.
Poor Diet
A poor diet influences health, mood, energy, and also the likelihood of developing cancer. A healthy, balanced diet that includes fruits, vegetables, and fewer ultra-processed foods can significantly reduce the risk of developing it. In addition, diet plays a fundamental role in microbiome balance, which is the community of microorganisms that coexist in our body on a regular basis and perform essential functions for daily general health.
Pathogen Infections
One of the most common infections is human papillomavirus along with Helicobacter pylori, hepatitis C virus, and Epstein-Barr virus. While it is true that this risk factor has a greater impact in developing countries, it represents a risk factor to consider in cancer development. And since prevention is better than cure, it is important to get vaccinated against those pathogens for which we have vaccines, such as hepatitis B or human papillomavirus (HPV).
Physical Inactivity
In Spain, only 37.7% of adults exercise regularly. However, it is estimated that physical activity can reduce the risk of cancer by up to 30%. Combining exercise with a healthy, balanced diet, in addition to reducing the likelihood of developing cancer, contributes to general health and better physical and mental well-being.
Were you aware of these risk factors? As you can see, they have great relevance in cancer incidence. Do not forget that there are preventive measures that, in some cases, can prevent its development.
Incorporate small habits into your life that take care of your health, in addition to undergoing regular checkups for early cancer detection.
